Cancer

What is Cancer?

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide. Cancer is an umbrella term for a variety of tumor diseases. At the core of these diseases are cancer cells, which differ from normal cells due to changes in their genetic material.

The variety of cancer types is immense, ranging from common forms like breast, lung, or colorectal cancer to rare tumors. Each type of cancer has its own specific genetic alterations and biological characteristics, making diagnosis and treatment a complex challenge.

However, cancer research has made tremendous progress in recent decades, leading to new treatment options such as targeted therapies and immunotherapies. These therapies aim to attack specific molecules or mechanisms in cancer cells to inhibit tumor growth while sparing healthy tissue.

Furthermore, individual cancer risk can be reduced by avoiding certain risk factors (smoking, alcohol, diet, obesity, etc.). Prevention and early detection also play a crucial role in combating cancer. A healthy lifestyle, regular screenings, and vaccinations against cancer-causing viruses can prevent many cancers or detect them early when survival rates are highest.

It is important to emphasize that cancer is not a single disease but a complex spectrum of conditions with different causes and courses. Through ongoing research, improved cancer treatments, and greater awareness of prevention, the quality of life for cancer patients can be significantly enhanced in many cases.

Cancer in MRI

The early detection of cancer using Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) plays a central role in preventive medicine. Through high-resolution imaging, even the smallest tumors can be detected, often before they cause symptoms or spread to other parts of the body.

This not only allows for early diagnosis but also enables targeted and more effective treatment, significantly improving recovery prospects. Especially for hard-to-diagnose cancers, MRI provides a valuable means of identifying changes in tissue early on, thereby substantially enhancing patient prognosis.

What is the Difference Between Benign and Malignant Tumors?

Tumors are growths of body cells that can be either benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). The crucial difference lies in their growth patterns, ability to metastasize (invade surrounding structures), and their level of danger.

Benign Tumors:

• Growth: Slow and limited; they displace surrounding tissue but do not invade surrounding structures.
• Spread (Metastasis): Do not form metastases, meaning they do not spread to other regions of the body.
• Risk: Generally pose no danger, but depending on their location and size, they can cause discomfort or pressure on organs.
• Examples: Lipomas (fatty tumors), myomas (benign tumors of the uterus), adenomas (benign glandular tumors).

Malignant Tumors (Cancer):

• Growth: Fast and uncontrolled; they invade and destroy surrounding tissue.
• Spread (Metastasis): Can form metastases by allowing cancer cells to detach from the primary tumor and travel through blood and lymphatic vessels to other body regions, where they form new tumors.
• Danger: Life-threatening, as they can impair organ functions, form metastases, and lead to death.
• Examples: Carcinomas (cancer of the skin or mucous membranes), sarcomas (cancer of connective tissue), lymphomas (cancer of the lymphatic system).

Common Types of Cancer

In Switzerland, breast cancer in women and prostate cancer in men are among the most common types of cancer. Lung cancer, colorectal cancer, and melanoma (black skin cancer) affect both genders equally and are also among the five most common cancers. The mortality rate is highest for lung cancer.

Breast Cancer

Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women worldwide. It occurs when cells in the breast tissue multiply uncontrollably, forming a malignant tumor. This tumor can spread to other parts of the body if not detected and treated in time. Risk factors for breast cancer include age, genetic predisposition, hormonal influences, and certain lifestyle factors.

Early detection significantly increases the chances of recovery. According to cancer information services, breast cancer can be treated with (anti-)hormonal therapy, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, surgery, and/or targeted therapies. Regardless of the stage of breast cancer, the relative 5-year survival rate can be as high as 91.2%. For early-stage breast cancer that is locally confined, the survival rate is notably higher.

Mammography is often used as a screening tool for detecting breast cancer, as it is specifically designed to identify small calcifications and early tumor changes that may be less visible on MRI. However, mammography has its limitations with dense breast tissue, as tumors and dense tissue can appear similar on the images. In such cases, MRI can provide more detailed images and is often used as a complementary method, especially for women with dense breast tissue or increased risk.

To learn more about breast cancer, including symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options, you can read our article on mammograms.

Prostate Cancer

Prostate cancer is the most common cancer among men worldwide and in Switzerland. It occurs when cells in the prostate, a gland located beneath the bladder, multiply uncontrollably. In its early stages, it often causes no symptoms but can lead to issues with urination, pain, and other discomforts in more advanced stages.

Thanks to screening programs and modern treatment methods, the prognosis for recovery is good in many cases. Prostate cancer has a high survival rate, with 91% of men living at least five years after diagnosis. This is partly because about two-thirds of prostate tumors are detected at an early stage, when the chances of recovery are particularly favorable.

MRI can detect changes in the size and structure of the prostate and is commonly used to diagnose an enlarged prostate as well as to assess the spread of prostate cancer within the gland and to surrounding tissue. It can also show inflammation, cysts, and other anomalies of the prostate. Although prostate cancer can be visualized with MRI, its detection is not always as reliable as with other diagnostic tools such as biopsy or the PSA test. However, MRI is especially helpful for making a more accurate assessment when there is suspicion and for better planning targeted biopsies or treatments.

If you want to learn more about prostate cancer, we recommend our separate article on the topic.

Lung Cancer

Lung cancer is one of the most common cancers worldwide and the leading cause of cancer-related deaths. In its early stages, lung cancer often causes no symptoms or only nonspecific symptoms such as coughing, shortness of breath, or chest pain, which can easily be mistaken for other conditions. This often delays diagnosis until the cancer has already advanced. Certain types of lung cancer, particularly small cell lung cancer, are characterized by especially rapid and uncontrolled growth. This leads to the tumor increasing in size quickly and destroying surrounding tissue. Additionally, lung cancer cells have the ability to detach from the primary tumor in the early stages of the disease and spread to other organs via the bloodstream and lymphatic system (metastasis). This results in secondary tumors (metastases) that significantly complicate treatment and worsen the prognosis. Risk factors such as smoking, passive smoking, and exposure to pollutants increase the risk of developing the disease. The five-year survival rate after diagnosis is only about 25% for women and 19% for men.

Although MRI is a powerful imaging technique, there are cancers that are only partially visible, such as lung cancer. Due to the unique structure of lung tissue and the fact that lung cancer often presents as very small or poorly defined lesions, MRI can reach its limits in this case. Furthermore, breathing movements can complicate imaging, making the detection of small tumors even more challenging. Therefore, other imaging techniques, such as computed tomography (CT), are often used for the early detection of lung cancer, as they have higher sensitivity in this specific case.

Colon Cancer

Colon cancer, or bowel cancer, is one of the most common types of cancer in Switzerland and worldwide. It usually develops slowly from benign precursors (polyps) in the intestines. Through early detection via colonoscopy, these polyps can be removed before they become malignant. Colonoscopy is the most effective method for colorectal cancer screening and is recommended for men starting at age 50 and women starting at age 55. Stool tests for hidden blood can also contribute to early detection. A healthy lifestyle, including a fiber-rich diet, adequate exercise, and avoiding smoking, further reduces the risk of colon cancer.

The five-year survival rate is 68%, with colon cancer being highly treatable in its early stages. Colon cancer is well-visualized using MRI.

You can learn more about colon cancer and colorectal cancer screening in this article.

Skin Cancer

Skin cancer arises from the uncontrolled growth of skin cells, most often triggered by excessive UV radiation from the sun or tanning beds. The most common forms include basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and malignant melanoma (black skin cancer). While the first two are usually well-treatable, melanoma is particularly dangerous as it can form metastases early on. Regular skin cancer screenings and sun protection are crucial for early detection and prevention of skin cancer. The five-year survival rate for malignant melanoma is 95%.

Other Types of Cancer

Liver Cancer (Hepatocellular Carcinoma)

Liver cancer, also known as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), is a serious form of cancer with a rising incidence worldwide. It is estimated that new cases could increase by more than 50% by 2040. Risk factors such as chronic hepatitis B or C, alcohol consumption, and fatty liver disease contribute to the development of liver cancer. Often, the disease progresses for a long time without specific symptoms, making early diagnosis difficult. Despite medical advancements, survival rates for liver cancer remain very low, even in developed countries. A recent study from seven high-income countries shows that between 2012 and 2014, even the highest three-year survival rate was only 28% (Australia), while in Denmark, it was just 17%.

Pancreatic Cancer

Pancreatic cancer, also known as pancreatic carcinoma, is one of the most aggressive types of cancer, unfortunately characterized by a very low survival rate. Often, it causes nonspecific symptoms such as upper abdominal pain, jaundice, or weight loss only late in its course, making early diagnosis difficult. Risk factors include smoking, chronic inflammation of the pancreas, and genetic predisposition. Due to the challenges of early detection and rapid progression, the prognosis is often unfavorable. More than half of cases are diagnosed only at an advanced stage, significantly contributing to the low five-year survival rate of about 10%. Pancreatic cancer can be particularly well visualized using MRI, as this method provides detailed images of soft tissues, allowing for precise identification of tumors in the pancreas.

Bladder Cancer

Bladder cancer, also known as urinary bladder cancer, is a common cancer that primarily affects the mucous membrane of the bladder. Smoking is the biggest risk factor, but exposure to certain chemicals can also increase the risk. Blood in the urine is the most common symptom, but it is often painless. Diagnosis is made through cystoscopy and tissue biopsy. Treatment depends on the stage of the cancer and may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or immunotherapy. Early detection and treatment significantly improve the chances of recovery. The five-year survival rate for bladder cancer is approximately 70%.

Rarer Types of Cancer

Brain Tumors

Brain tumors are a heterogeneous group of tumors that can arise in the brain or central nervous system. The most common types of brain tumors include:

• Gliomas: Gliomas originate from the support cells (glial cells) of the brain. They include various subtypes such as astrocytomas, oligodendrogliomas, and ependymomas, and can be either benign or malignant. Gliomas account for 30-50% of all brain tumors.
• Meningiomas: Meningiomas arise from the meninges (the protective membranes covering the brain). They are usually benign but can exert pressure on the brain, nerves, and blood vessels, leading to symptoms.
• Pituitary Tumors: Pituitary tumors develop in the pituitary gland. They are mostly benign but can produce hormones that lead to various disorders. They occur in up to 1% of the population and usually do not require treatment.
• Pineal Tumors: Pineal tumors (pinealomas) arise in the pineal gland. They are very rare (1% of brain tumors in adults) but can block cerebrospinal fluid flow, leading to increased intracranial pressure. In children, pinealomas are somewhat more common, accounting for 3-11% of brain tumors.
• Medulloblastomas: Medulloblastomas are the most common malignant tumors of the central nervous system in children and adolescents (12% of brain tumors). They grow rapidly and can spread through cerebrospinal fluid.
• Primary Central Nervous System Lymphomas: Primary central nervous system lymphomas (PCNSL) are aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphomas that arise from the immune cells of the brain. They occur more frequently in individuals with weakened immune systems. PCNSL is relatively rare, making up about 3-5% of all brain tumors.

Liver Metastases and Liver Lesions

A liver lesion can be either primary liver cancer (originating directly in the liver) or a liver metastasis (a secondary tumor from another cancer). Primary liver cancer often develops from chronic liver disease, such as hepatitis or cirrhosis. In contrast, liver metastases occur when cancer cells from another organ, such as the colon, lungs, or breast, spread through the bloodstream and settle in the liver. Both forms can lead to similar symptoms, but distinguishing between them is crucial for choosing the appropriate treatment. While primary liver cancer may often be treated with surgery or localized therapies, treating liver metastases typically requires systemic therapy to address both the primary tumor and the metastases.

Adrenal Cancer and Adrenal Metastases

Adrenal cancer is rare but can appear in two forms: adrenal carcinoma (a primary cancer of the adrenal gland) and adrenal metastases (spread from tumors in other organs). Adrenal carcinoma is a very rare, aggressive tumor that can produce hormones (in about half of cases) and is often detected late. Adrenal metastases are more common and usually occur in the context of advanced cancer. Symptoms can be nonspecific, such as abdominal pain, weight loss, or hormonal disturbances. Treatment depends on the type and stage of the disease and may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or targeted therapies.

Bile Duct Carcinoma and Gallbladder Cancer

Bile duct carcinoma and gallbladder cancer, also known as biliary carcinomas, are rare but aggressive types of cancer affecting the bile ducts and gallbladder. Risk factors include chronic gallstones, gallbladder inflammation, and certain liver diseases. Nonspecific symptoms often appear late, making early diagnosis challenging. The chances of a cure are often limited. The 5-year survival rate is approximately 19% for women and 23% for men.

Adrenal Carcinoma and Adrenal Metastases

Adrenal cancer is rare but can present in two forms: adrenal carcinoma (primary cancer of the adrenal gland) and adrenal metastases (spread from tumors in other organs). Adrenal carcinoma is a very rare, aggressive tumor that can produce hormones (in about half of cases) and is often detected late. Adrenal metastases are more common and usually occur in the context of advanced cancer. Symptoms can be nonspecific, such as abdominal pain, weight loss, or hormonal disturbances. Treatment depends on the type and stage of the disease and may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or targeted therapies.

Bone Tumors

Bone tumors are relatively rare, accounting for about 0.2% of all cancers. Primary bone tumors, which originate directly in the bone, are even rarer than bone metastases, which are spread from tumors in other organs. The most common primary bone tumors are osteosarcoma and Ewing's sarcoma, primarily affecting children and adolescents. The 5-year survival rate for primary bone tumors varies depending on the type and stage, averaging around 70%. For bone metastases, prognosis depends on the primary tumor and the extent of metastasis.

Types of Cancer in Female Reproductive Organs

Cancer of the female reproductive organs encompasses various conditions that affect different areas, with differences in frequency and severity.

• Uterine Fibroids: Also known as myomas or leiomyomas, these are benign tumors that grow in the uterine wall. They are the most common benign tumors in women, usually occurring during reproductive years. Although they often cause no symptoms, some women may experience heavy bleeding, pain, or a feeling of pressure in the abdomen.
• Endometrial Cancer (Uterine Cancer): The most common malignant tumor of the female reproductive organs, with approximately 950 new cases annually, resulting in about 210 deaths per year.
• Ovarian Cancer: The second most common malignant tumor of the female reproductive organs, with around 600 new cases annually and 410 deaths from ovarian cancer. Ovarian tumors can be benign or malignant, with the malignant types often detected at a later stage.
• Cervical Cancer: Caused by human papillomavirus (HPV), with about 250 new cases and 80 deaths per year. Regular screening and HPV vaccination can significantly reduce the risk of cervical cancer.

Testicular Cancer

Although rare, testicular cancer is the most common cancer in young men between the ages of 15 and 40. It often presents as a painless enlargement or hardening of the testicle. Some may also experience a pulling sensation in the lower abdomen or a feeling of pressure. When detected early, testicular cancer has a very high cure rate, making regular self-examination of the testicles especially important. Annually, 15 men die from testicular cancer. Therefore, regular self-examination is crucial.

Multiple Myeloma

Multiple myeloma, also known as plasmacytoma, is a rare form of blood cancer that originates from plasma cells in the bone marrow. In Switzerland, 730 people are diagnosed with it each year, and 360 die from it annually. Although it is less common than cancers like breast, lung, or colon cancer, the mortality rate is relatively high. It primarily affects older adults over the age of 70, with men being slightly more frequently affected than women.

How Can I Tell if I Have Cancer?

Cancer symptoms can vary greatly. Here are some examples:

• Persistent cough
• Changes in bowel habits (e.g., blood in stool, constipation, or diarrhea lasting more than a few days)
• Unusual bleeding: bleeding from the vagina outside of menstruation, blood in urine, or blood when vomiting
• Skin changes: new moles, changes in the size or color of existing moles, or sores that do not heal
• Difficulty swallowing
• Unusual lumps or swelling
• Unexplained weight loss
• Persistent fever
• Fatigue and weakness
• Pain: Persistent pain without an obvious cause should be checked

This list is not exhaustive, and many of these symptoms can have other causes. If you notice any of these symptoms, you should consult a doctor to determine the cause.

How Does Cancer Develop?

Genetic changes, whether inherited or caused by environmental factors such as smoking or radiation, can lead to certain genes that regulate cell growth and division becoming either overactive or losing their function. This allows cancer cells to multiply uncontrollably and invade healthy tissue, impairing organ functions and potentially leading to death in the worst-case scenario.

Benign Tumors and Their Significance

Benign tumors are not cancerous and do not form metastases, but they can still be significant. They grow slowly and displace surrounding tissue without destroying it. Examples of benign tumors include liver adenomas or hemangiomas of the liver.

Although benign tumors are generally harmless, treatment may be necessary if they cause discomfort, press on organs, or increase in size rapidly. In some cases, there is also a small risk that they may become malignant. Therefore, regular medical monitoring is important.

Neurofibromas and Schwannomas

Neurofibromas and schwannomas are benign tumors that originate from the nerve sheaths. While neurofibromas usually occur as part of a genetic disorder (neurofibromatosis), schwannomas can arise sporadically.

Neurofibromas develop from the supportive cells of nerves (Schwann cells and fibroblasts) and can occur anywhere in the body where nerves are present.

Schwannomas specifically arise from Schwann cells and typically grow on the nerve roots near the spinal cord or brain.

Both types of tumors grow slowly and often cause no symptoms. However, depending on their size and location, they can press on nerves, leading to pain, numbness, or paralysis. In rare cases, they can also become malignant.

Craniopharyngiomas and Meningiomas

Craniopharyngiomas and meningiomas are rare, benign brain tumors, but they differ in their origin and location.

A craniopharyngioma (also spelled craniopharyngioma) is a benign brain tumor that is present at birth. It arises from a malformation near the pituitary gland (hypophysis). The tumor grows slowly and can spread within the pituitary gland or beyond it. It is often adherent to surrounding blood vessels and nerves. Craniopharyngiomas are frequently filled with fluid and may contain calcifications.

In contrast, meningiomas originate from the meninges and can cause various neurological symptoms depending on their size and location.

Although both tumor types are benign, they can lead to significant discomfort due to their location in the brain, necessitating careful diagnosis and treatment.

Conclusion

Cancer is the second most common cause of death worldwide. Cancer diseases refer to a group of conditions characterized by uncontrolled cell growth and the ability of these cells to invade and destroy healthy tissue. The development of cancer is multifaceted and can be attributed to genetic predisposition, environmental factors, or a combination of both. Oncologists, specialists in cancer, are deeply engaged in the research, diagnosis, and treatment of these diseases.

The WHO estimates that nearly one in two people will be diagnosed with cancer in their lifetime. This alarming statistic underscores the importance of early detection and prevention. Regular screenings and self-examinations can help identify cancer at an early stage when it is still highly treatable.

Modern medicine today offers a variety of treatment options that can be tailored to the individual patient and the specific type of cancer. From surgery to chemotherapy and radiation therapy, as well as targeted therapies and immunotherapies, numerous options are available.

While cancer is a serious illness, it can often be well-recognized and treated in many cases. Through early detection, modern treatment methods, and a healthy lifestyle, the quality of life for affected individuals can be significantly improved.

MRI is generally an excellent tool for detecting cancer, as it provides detailed images of soft tissues and can accurately depict tumors in various organs. However, for certain types of cancer, such as lung cancer, MRI has its limitations, as the structure of lung tissue and breathing movements can complicate imaging. In such cases, other imaging techniques, such as computed tomography (CT), are often better suited for reliably detecting small tumors or changes in lung tissue.

Schedule an appointment for a scan now to find out if you may have a tumor or if you have previously had a cancer diagnosis and want to be sure.